Communication Zone

Pengertian Gempa Bumi Dan Jenisnya Lengkap

Pengertian gempa bumi dan jenisnya lengkap - Pengertian gempa bumi adalah pergerakan (bergesernya) lapisan batu bumi yang berasal dari dasar atau dari bawah permukaan bumi. Atau definisi gempa bumi yang lebih langkapnya yaitu getaran atau goncangan yang terjadi karena pergerakan (bergesernya) lapisan batu bumi yang berasal dari dasar atau dari bawah permukaan bumi dan bisa juga disebabkan adanya letusan gunung api. Berdasarkan dari peristiwa yang disebabkannya gempa dapat dibedakan menjadi gempa tektonik, gempa vulkanik, gempa runtuhan atau terban dan gempa buatan.

Gempa bumi vulkanik (Gunung Api) adalah suatu gempa bumi yang terjadi akibat adanya aktivitas magma gunung api, yang biasa terjadi sebelum gunung tersebut meletus. Apabila keaktifannya semakin tinggi maka akan menyebabkan timbulnya ledakan yang juga akan mengakibatkan terjadinya gempa. Gempa bumi ini hanya terdapat di daerah gunung api yang meletus. Gempa bumi jenis ini lebih bahaya dari gempa bumi runtuhan.
Gempa bumi tektonik adalah Gempa ini disebabkan oleh adanya aktivitas tektonik, yaitu pergeseran lempengan tektonik secara mendadak yang mempunyai kekuatan dari yang kecil sampai yang sangat besar. Daerah yang sering kali mengalami gempa jenis ini yaitu daerah pegunungan lipatan muda, adalah daerah rangkaian mediterania dan rangkaian sirkum pasifik. Bahaya dari gempa ini sangat besar, karena lapisan bumi dapat mengalami lipatan patahan ataupun pergeseran.
Gempa bumi runtuhan adalah jenis gempa bumi yang biasanya terjadi pada daerah kapur atau pada daerah pertambangan, jenis gempa ini jarang terjadi dan bahaya yang di akibatkan dari gempa bumi runtuhan kecil, umumnya gempa runtuhan terjadi pada wilayah lokal.
Gempa bumi buatan adalah jenis gempa bumi yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas dari manusia, misalnya seperti peledakan dinamit, nuklir ataupun palu rasaksa yang dipukulkan ke permukaan bumi, sehingga menimbulkan goncangan.

Akibat yang ditimbulkan gempa bumi, diantaranya seperti:

Dampak fisik :

Bangunan banyak yang hancur atau roboh.
Tanah lonsor akibat goncangan.
Jatuhnya korban jiwa.
permukaan tanah menjadi merekat, retak dan jalan menjadi putus.
Banjir karena rusaknya tanggul.
Gempa dasar laut dapat menyebabkan tsunami.
Dan sebagainya.

Dampak sosial:

Menimbulkan kemiskinan.
Kelaparan.
Menimbulkan penyakit.
Bila pada sekla yang besar ( dapat menimbulkan tsunami yang besar), bisa melumpuhkan politik, system ekonomi dan lain-lain.
Dan sebagainya.

Alat Pengukur Gempa Bumi.

Seismograf adalah alat yang digunakan atau dipakai untuk mengukur kuat dan lemahnya suatu gempa bumi. Berdasarkan arah getaran yang diukur, seismograf dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua) macam :

Seismograf horisontal yaitu suatu jenis seismograf yang mencatat kekuatan gempa ataupun getaran bumi dengan arah secara horizontal (mendatar).
Seismograf vertikal yaitu jenis dari seismograf yang mencatat getaran bumi dengan arah secara vertikal.

Besaran gempa didasarkan pada amplitudi gelombang tektonik dan dicatat oleh alat Seismograf dengan menggunakan Skala Rchter.

Itulah artikel mengenai pengertian gempa bumi, dan semoga artikel kali ini dapat bermanfaat.

Critical Discourse Analysis Norman Fairclough

Norman Fairclough known for his thoughts on critical discourse analysis. The concept that he focuses on the three-level form, first, each text simultaneously has three functions, namely representation, relationships, and identity. Functions related representations in ways that do to show the social reality in the form of text. Second, the practice of discourse includes measures of media workers produce text. This relates to the journalists themselves as individuals; nature network with fellow journalists other media workers; working patterns of media as an institution, such as how to cover the news, write news, to become news in the media.Third, socio-cultural practices analyze three things: the economy, politics (particularly with regard to issues of power and ideology) and culture (particularly with regard to values and identity) that also affect istitusi media, and discourse. Discussion of socio-cultural practices include three levels of situational rate, associated with the production and level of institutional context of the situation, with regard to the influence of internal and external institutions. Social level, associated with a more macro situation, such as the political system, economic system, and society as a whole cultural system.Fairclough is not really a science communication scholars. He is interested in issues of critical discourse studies in the report text began in the 1980s. He saw how the placement and function of language in social relations, especially in the dominant power and ideology. Faiclough found critical discourse analysis is, how language cause social groups fighting and submit its ideology respectively. This concept assumes to look biased discourse practices so showing the effects of a trust (ideological) means that discourse can produce a draw power relations between social classes, men and women, the majority and minority which represented the difference in social practices. Discourse Analysis seeing speech language usage and writing as a social practice. Social practices in discourse analysis is seen causing interlocking relationships between events that are to escape from a reality, and social structure.In understanding the discourse (text / text) we can not let go of context. To find the "reality" behind the text we need a search on the context of text production, consumption text, and socio-cultural aspects that influence the making of the text. Due in a text will not loose interest that is subjective.In a text also needed emphasis on meaning (Meaning) (over a short distance with the ability integrative interpretation, namely sensual, think the power and intellect) Meaning: After we got a text that is already there and we also have got a gambarang on the theory that will be used to dissect the problem, then our next step is we memadukann both of these into a unity that is the presence of the text we use a theory to review them.Then Norman Fairclough classify a meaning in discourse analysis as follows:• Translation (expressed the same substance with the media). Meaning: Basically text media is not value-free reality. At the point of the basic human consciousness, the text always load interests. Text in principle has been taken as the reality of the siding. Of course, the text used to win the fight ideas, interests or ideology particular class. Meanwhile, as a researcher began by making a systematic sample of media content in a variety of categories based on the purpose of research.• Interpreatation (adhering to the existing material, look for the background, the context in order to put forward the concept clearer). Meaning: We concentrated on the main issues in the interpretation of a text so that we can get the background of the problem so that then we can determine a concept formulation of the problem to dissect the problem.• Extrapolation (emphasis on the power of thought to catch it behind which it is presented). That is: we have to use a theory to be able to analyze the problem, because the theory Degnan we can easily determine the contents of the existing text• Meaning (farther from the interpretation of the integrative capabilities, namely sensual, think the power and intellect). Meaning: After we got a text that has been there, and we also have got a gambarang on the theory that will be used to dissect the problem, then our next step is we memadukann both of these into a unity that is the presence of the text we use a theory to review them.And according to the analysis of discourse Norman Fairclough also provide levels, such as the following:• Analysis of Microstructures (production process): analyze the text carefully and focus in order to obtain data that can describe the text representation. And also in detail aspects pursued in this level of analysis is an outline or text content, location, attitude and actions of the characters and so on.• Analysis Mesostruktur (Process interpretation): focused on two aspects: text production and consumption of text.• Analysis Makrostruktur (Process discourse) focused on the phenomenon in which the text was made.Thus, according to Norman Fairclough to understand the discourse (text / text) we can not let go of context. To find the "reality" behind the text we need a search on the context of text production, consumption text, and socio-cultural aspects that influence the making of the text. (Source: Analysis of Discourse / mold II in February 2009, Eriyanto).

Representation of Events in the News by Theo van Leeuwen

Discuss an implicit meaning of a word can not be separated from how a text is present or represented into a sentence. In print news, a message that has been observed by a journalist then direpresetasikan into news text, in the form of a representation of the news that certain events into the composition of the text, can be considered how a journalist convey a reality, news reader memperhaikan how a group can dominate the discourse in the news.

Dominated the intended is, a force which is owned by a group to control the interpretation of a news reader. Domination that occur in the form of a text message to the media imaging perpetrators and victims in the news. For example, the workers, peasants, beggars, street children are the ones plaguing the society. Or a lively student demonstrations could be an example, that students are presented with the image that they are anarchist groups, often destructive and glad create chaos. All forms of imaging as it is done simply by representing a true incident that happened to be the composition of the text with the choice of words and form sentences.

In Discourse Analysis, Eriyanto said that one of the most important agents in defining the group is the media. Through continuous news spread, the media is indirectly shaping understanding and awareness in kepaala audience about something. Discourse created by the media could be legitimizing a thing or delegitimize or marginalized groups and other groups. We often feel any injustice in the news about the rape of women. How will the victims were described as bad, so the audience is not sympathetic and even more sympathetic to men who become actors.In cases like this, that the news in the media convey a particular discourse. Theo van Leeuwen introduce a model of discourse analysis, the analytical models to detect or determine how a group is present as a marginalized group.

In general, van Leeuwen analysis showing how the parties and actors (individual or group) is displayed in the news. According to him, there are two points of focus of attention. First, the process of spending (exclusion), namely whether there is a text message or a group of actors who issued the proclamation, which is intended to release a person or actor in the news is, the behavior of eliminating or disguise the actors / actors in the news, so the news that the victims who become peerhatian the news.

The process of this expenditure is not langsunng can change the understanding of the audience will be an issue and legitimize the position of a certain understanding. Say in the news about the "student demonstrations that took place in dispute that the police opened fire, finally a university student was shot dead". Of student demonstrations over the incident, whether the news of the police then issued a proclamation, so the shooting victims were highlighted in the news, so the impression is present then that student demonstrations deserve a shot to death.

The second is the process of entering (inclusion). This process is the opposite of the process of exclusion, this process relates to the question of how a person or group of actors in an event dimassukkan or represented in a story. Either exclusion or inclision, there is a discourse strategy. By using the word, phrase, sentence information or the composition of a particular form, a certain way of storytelling, each group dirempresentasikan into a text. In the subsequent discussion. Will be explained more into details about how the work patterns of exclusion and inclusion in the representation of actors in the news.

Discourse Analysis Model Teun Van Dijk

According to Van Dijk, research discourse analysis is not enough just based on text analysis alone, because the text is only the result of a production practice. Understanding text production will eventually acquire knowledge why the text is so. Van Dijk also see how the social structure, dominance, and power groups in society and how cognition / thought and consciousness that shape and influence the particular texts.

In the Suharto regime such consolidation of power is done through language in several ways. First, refining concepts and understanding bersentuan with power. This refinement to eliminate harmful concept of the New Order. Correctional said the service period, unity and integrity, national defense, food insecurity, underdeveloped areas, poverty reduction, rule of law, etc. Food insecurity is better than starving and better service period of tenure. Secondly, coarsen, aims to corner the other forces that can threaten power. Pemroduksian words SARA, GPK, subfersif, clean themselves, extreme right, extreme left, frustrated group, OTB (organization Formless), anti-Pancasila.

The words have a negative impact on the opposition. Third, the creation of words that could put the brakes and lowering people's emotions. These words are often taken from the lexicon of the Java language, for example mendhem jero mikul vertex, jer basuki mawa duty, resigned Keprabon and to those words that reference is not clear just as the public interest, to tighten their belts, etc. Fourth, uniformity term. This is done by officials and bureaucrats, for example SDSB not gambling, vandals blood halal, anybody can set up a new party, etc. Fifth, euphemism language. The use of the phrase "Involvement 7 Kopassus officers was a bitter pill" debt is replaced with foreign aid, prostitutes replaced with commercial sex workers, prison into prisons, and so on.

Discourse is described by Van Dijk has three dimensions / building in which the text, social cognition, and social context. Van Dijk core model analysis is to combine three-dimensional discourse in a single analysis. Dimension text studied is how the structure of text and discourse strategies used to emphasize a particular theme. At the level of social cognition studied news text production process involving individual cognition of journalists. While aspects of the context of studying the building discourse that developed in the community will be a problem. Analysis van Dijk connect textual analysis towards a comprehensive analysis of how the text is produced, either in conjunction with individual reporters and the public.

Communication Zone

Pengertian Gempa Bumi Dan Jenisnya Lengkap

Critical Discourse Analysis Norman Fairclough

Representation of Events in the News by Theo van Leeuwen

Discourse Analysis Model Teun Van Dijk

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